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Threat Actor

Hacking Team (Memento Labs / RCS Lab)

hacking_team_memento_labs · italian_commercial_spyware_vendor_active_through_memento_labs_rebrand · active since 2003-01

Hacking Team (rebranded Memento Labs April 2 2019 after InTheCyber Group €1 acquisition) is an Italian commercial spyware vendor based in Milan founded 2003 by David Vincenzetti, selling Remote Control System (RCS) Da Vinci + Galileo + post- rebrand RCS X + Dante product family to government law enforcement + intelligence agency customers globally with ~22-year operational lifecycle making it second-longest-lifecycle commercial spyware vendor in cell after FinFisher.

Italian PSOA attribution via Wikipedia canonical longstanding tracking + Phineas Fisher July 5 2015 400GB breach ("Since we have nothing to hide, we're publishing all our e-mails, files, and source code") with 70- customer list + 40M+ EUR revenue + source code disclosure via BitTorrent + Mega + WikiLeaks + The Record / Recorded Future News / Daryna Antoniuk canonical October 2025 Memento Labs Dante Russia- Belarus coverage + Kaspersky canonical March 2025 ForumTroll discovery + October 2025 Dante attribution to Memento Labs + Hackmag canonical November 2025 Paolo Lezzi public confirmation + MIT Technology Review + Vice/Motherboard / Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai April 2019 InTheCyber acquisition coverage + Schneier on Security canonical July 2015 Galileo backdoor analysis + Dark Reading + ESET / We Live Security canonical March 2018 post-leak analysis + SentinelLabs canonical September 8 2021 EGoManiac Turkish OdaTV analysis + Infinite Eyes News + Silicon UK + Citizen Lab + UN Sudan panel + RSF industry coverage.

standalone cluster paralleling dsirf_knotweed + variston_heliconia + finfisher_finspy in v0.1.163 commercial spyware / mercenary surveillance vendor operators cell continuation; operational target profile 70 government customers revealed in 2015 leak (mostly military + police + federal + provincial governments) + signature Azerbaijan + Bahrain + Egypt + Morocco + Uzbekistan + UAE + Saudi Arabia + Sudan human- rights-abuse-affiliated customers per 2015 leak + Sudanese National Intelligence and Security Service 960,000 EUR 2012 contract in violation of UN sanctions + FBI + DEA + US federal law enforcement + Turkish OdaTV journalists 2010-2016 per SentinelLabs EGoManiac attribution + Russian media outlets + universities + research centers + government institutions + financial organizations per 2025 ForumTroll phishing targeting + Russian and Belarusian targets via 2025 Dante deployment; operational attack architecture: (1) cluster- defining 2003 Italian founding by David Vincenzetti establishing 22-year operational lifecycle second-longest in cell after FinFisher's ~14-year pre-insolvency operational period.

(2) cluster- defining July 5 2015 Phineas Fisher 400GB breach with internal emails + invoices + source code + 70-customer list + 40M+ EUR revenue + Lebanese Army + Sudan + Bahrain + Kazakhstan invoicing evidence revealed via BitTorrent + Mega + WikiLeaks dissemination, same vigilante hacker who breached Gamma Group/FinFisher August 2014 creating major parallel commercial-spyware-vendor exposure pattern.

(3) cluster-defining Galileo crisis- procedure remote-shutdown backdoor + watermarked customer software signature tradecraft per Schneier on Security ("Hacking Team... has 'a backdoor' into every customer's software, giving it ability to suspend it or shut it down, something that even customers aren't told about. To make matters worse, every copy of Hacking Team's Galileo software is watermarked, according to the source, which means Hacking Team, and now everyone with access to this data dump, can find out who operates it and who they're targeting with it"); (4) cluster-defining April 2016 Italian government global export license revocation restricting sales outside EU to individual export licenses per customer following Sudan + Saudi Arabia + Egypt human-rights-abuse evidence.

(5) cluster- defining April 2 2019 InTheCyber Group €1 acquisition + Memento Labs rebrand under CEO Paolo Lezzi providing operational continuity via corporate transformation ("We want to change absolutely everything. We're starting from scratch")

(6) cluster-defining 2023 ISS World MEA conference Dante spyware unveiling at the "wiretapper's ball" surveillance industry conference for law enforcement + intelligence agencies marking Memento Labs post-rebrand product launch.

(7) cluster-defining March 2025 Kaspersky ForumTroll campaign attribution via Chrome CVE-2025-2783 zero-day (most-recent CVE in entire corpus) with Russian-scientific-forum- invitation phishing emails + malicious link Chrome zero-day exploitation targeting Russian media + universities + research + government + financial orgs (honest attribution nuance: Lezzi stated Chrome 0-day was NOT developed by Memento Labs); (8) cluster-defining October 2025 Memento Labs CEO Paolo Lezzi public confirmation of Dante attribution blaming customer for outdated- Windows-version exposure ("Obviously, they used an agent that was already 'dead'. I thought that government clients weren't using it anymore") + disclosing only 2 former Hacking Team employees remain at Memento Labs + fewer than 100 current clients + mobile-platform-exclusive focus post- 2025.

(9) signature ESET March 2018 post-leak continued-operations evidence with Hacking Team samples compiled September 2015 - October 2017 + VMProtect obfuscation + Scout + Soldier payload naming continuity + new code signing certificates + same compilation patterns continuing from pre- leak development practices establishing ~2-year post-breach operational continuity.

(10) signature multi-platform capability with Windows + Mac + Linux + Android + iOS + BlackBerry + Symbian + Windows Mobile + Windows Phone class operating system coverage + Tor network communication interception capability + iPhone enterprise- certificate non-jailbreak bypass installation per Lookout 2015 + cryptocurrency wallet exfiltration; (11) signature 2012 Reporters Without Borders Corporate Enemies of the Internet designation + June 2014 UN panel monitoring Sudan sanctions inquiry + Tablem Limited 20% Saudi-investor reported 2016 acquisition + 2013 OECD complaint co-filer ECCHR + Privacy International + Bahrain Centre for Human Rights against Trovicor + Gamma Group establishing accountability advocacy ecosystem.

cluster fills the Italian-PSOA-2003- founding + Milan-based-David-Vincenzetti-founder + RCS-Galileo-Da-Vinci-product-line + Phineas- Fisher-July-5-2015-400GB-breach + 70-customers- 40M-euro-revenue + Azerbaijan-Bahrain-Egypt- Morocco-Uzbekistan-UAE-Saudi-Arabia-Sudan-human- rights-abuse-customers + April-2016-Italian-export- license-revocation + April-2-2019-InTheCyber- Memento-Labs-rebrand + Paolo-Lezzi-CEO + 2023- ISS-World-Dante-unveiling + March-2025-Kaspersky- ForumTroll-Russia-Belarus-Dante-Chrome-CVE-2025- 2783 + October-2025-Lezzi-Dante-confirmation position in commercial spyware / mercenary surveillance vendor operators cell.

canonical illustration of second-longest-lifecycle commercial spyware vendor (~22 years across rebrand) + Phineas Fisher vigilante-exposure parallel to FinFisher August 2014 breach + state-trojan RCS product family + 70-customer 40M EUR revenue scale + Italian-government export license revocation accountability + InTheCyber €1 acquisition rebrand operational continuity + Dante spyware product evolution + most-recent-CVE-in- corpus Chrome CVE-2025-2783 ForumTroll campaign attribution cited in essentially all subsequent commercial spyware industry analyses through 2003- 2026 period.

italian_commercial_spyware_vendor_active_through_memento_labs_rebrand confidence: high 25 aliases

Profile

Hacking Team (rebranded Memento Labs April 2 2019) is an Italian commercial spyware vendor based in Milan founded 2003 by David Vincenzetti, selling Remote Control System (RCS) Da Vinci + Galileo + post-rebrand RCS X + Dante product family to government law enforcement + intelligence agency customers globally with ~22-year operational lifecycle making it second-longest-lifecycle commercial spyware vendor in cell after FinFisher. Italian PSOA attribution via Wikipedia canonical longstanding tracking + Phineas Fisher July 5 2015 400GB breach (70-customer + 40M EUR revenue disclosure) + Citizen Lab + The Record + Kaspersky October 2025 Memento Labs Dante attribution + MIT Technology Review + Vice/Motherboard + Hackmag + Schneier on Security + Dark Reading + ESET 2018 post-leak analysis + SentinelLabs 2021 + Infinite Eyes News + Silicon UK industry coverage. Standalone cluster paralleling dsirf_knotweed + variston_heliconia + finfisher_finspy in v0.1.163 commercial spyware / mercenary surveillance vendor operators cell continuation.

Operational target profile
  • 70 government customers revealed in 2015 leak.
  • Azerbaijan + Bahrain + Egypt + Morocco + Uzbekistan + UAE + Saudi Arabia + Sudan human- rights-abuse-affiliated customers per 2015 leak.
  • Sudanese National Intelligence and Security Service 960k EUR 2012 contract (UN sanction violation)
  • FBI + DEA + US federal law enforcement.
  • Turkish OdaTV journalists 2010-2016.
  • Russian media + universities + research + government + financial (2025 ForumTroll)
  • Russian + Belarusian targets (2025 Dante) Operational attack architecture: (1) 2003 Italian founding (cluster-defining): ~22-year operational lifecycle (2) July 5 2015 Phineas Fisher 400GB breach (cluster-defining): 70 customer list + 40M EUR revenue + source code exposure via BitTorrent + Mega + WikiLeaks (3) Galileo crisis-procedure remote-shutdown backdoor + watermarked customer software (cluster- defining): distinctive vendor-controls-customer- deployment tradecraft (4) April 2016 Italian government export license revocation (cluster-defining): accountability action (5) April 2 2019 InTheCyber Group €1 acquisition + Memento Labs rebrand (cluster-defining): operational continuity via corporate transformation (6) Dante spyware 2023 ISS World MEA unveiling (cluster-defining): Memento Labs post-rebrand product (7) March 2025 Kaspersky ForumTroll campaign via Chrome CVE-2025-2783 (cluster-defining): most-recent CVE in entire corpus (8) October 2025 Lezzi Dante attribution confirmation (cluster-defining): vendor-to- public customer-deflection tradecraft (9) ESET 2018 post-leak continued-operations evidence (signature): Scout + Soldier payload naming + VMProtect + new code signing certificates September 2015.
  • October 2017 The cluster fills the Italian-PSOA-2003-founding + Milan-based-David-Vincenzetti-founder + RCS-Galileo- Da-Vinci-product-line + Phineas-Fisher-July-5-2015- 400GB-breach + 70-customers-40M-euro-revenue + Azerbaijan-Bahrain-Egypt-Morocco-Uzbekistan-UAE- Saudi-Arabia-Sudan-human-rights-abuse-customers + April-2016-Italian-export-license-revocation + April-2-2019-InTheCyber-Memento-Labs-rebrand + Paolo-Lezzi-CEO + 2023-ISS-World-Dante-unveiling + March-2025-Kaspersky-ForumTroll-Russia-Belarus- Dante-Chrome-CVE-2025-2783 + October-2025-Lezzi- Dante-confirmation position in commercial spyware / mercenary surveillance vendor operators cell.

Aliases

25
hacking_team_memento_labshacking_teamhackingteammemento_labsmemento labsrcs_labrcs remote control systemda vinci spywaregalileo_spywarercs x platformdante_spywareitalian commercial spyware vendor 2003 foundingmilan italy hacking team founded david vincenzettiinthecyber group memento labs april 2019 acquisitionphineas fisher july 5 2015 400gb hacking team breachhacking team 70 customers 40 million euro revenue 2015 leakrcs sudan egypt saudi arabia bahrain customer leakitalian government export license revoked april 2016paolo lezzi memento labs ceo since 2019iss world prague mea conference rebranding launchdante forumtroll russia kaspersky chrome cve-2025-2783memento labs russia belarus kaspersky october 2025hacking team customers fbi dea us drug enforcementhacking team enemies of internet reporters without borders 2012hacking team galileo backdoor crisis procedure remote shutdown

Notable Campaigns

13
2025Memento Labs Paolo Lezzi October 2025 Dante Attribution Confirmation Signature
2025Memento Labs Dante Discovery via Kaspersky ForumTroll Campaign + Chrome CVE-2025-2783 (March-October 2025)
2023Memento Labs 2023 ISS World MEA Conference Dante Spyware Unveiling
2021Hacking Team SentinelLabs September 2021 EGoManiac Turkish OdaTV Signature
2019Hacking Team InTheCyber Group €1 Acquisition + Memento Labs Rebrand (April 2 2019)
2016Hacking Team Italian Government April 2016 Export License Revocation
2015-2018Hacking Team ESET March 2018 Post-Leak Continued-Operations Evidence
2015Hacking Team Galileo Crisis Procedure Remote-Shutdown Backdoor + Watermarked Customer Software Signature
2015Hacking Team Phineas Fisher July 5, 2015 400GB Breach
2014Hacking Team UN Panel 2014 Sudan Sales Inquiry
2012Hacking Team 2012 Reporters Without Borders Corporate Enemies of the Internet Designation
2003-2026Continued Industry Reference Status (2003-2026)
2003Hacking Team Origin, 2003 Milan David Vincenzetti Founding

Attribution & Reporting

Attributed by
Wikipedia (canonical longstanding 2003-2026 tracking)Phineas Fisher (canonical July 5 2015 400GB breach attribution)WikiLeaks (canonical 2015 leak data hosting)Citizen Lab / University of Toronto / Bill Marczak (canonical 2012-2014 Hacking Team RCS country usage research)The Record / Recorded Future News / Daryna Antoniuk (canonical October 2025 Memento Labs Dante Russia Belarus coverage)Kaspersky (canonical March 2025 ForumTroll discovery + October 2025 Dante-Memento attribution + CVE-2025-2783 Chrome zero-day reporting)MIT Technology Review (canonical The fall and rise of a spyware empire + Memento Labs analysis)Vice / Motherboard / Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai (canonical April 2019 Hacking Team's New Owner We're Starting From Scratch)Hackmag.com (canonical November 2025 Paolo Lezzi Dante confirmation coverage)Schneier on Security / Bruce Schneier (canonical July 2015 Galileo backdoor analysis)Dark Reading (canonical July 2015 Italian Surveillance Software Maker Doxing Attack)ESET / We Live Security (canonical March 2018 New traces of Hacking Team in the wild post-leak analysis)SentinelLabs (canonical September 8 2021 EGoManiac Turkish threat actor RCS usage)Infinite Eyes News (canonical November 2025 Hacking Team Memento Labs State-Sponsored Spyware Resurgence)Silicon UK / Matthew Broersma (canonical July 2015 Galileo Surveillance Tool Now Obsolete coverage)Paolo Lezzi (canonical Memento Labs CEO public confirmations)David Vincenzetti (canonical Hacking Team founder)Reporters Without Borders (canonical 2012 Corporate Enemies of the Internet designation)UN panel monitoring Sudan sanctions (canonical 2014 Sudan sales inquiry)
Key reporting
reportWikipedia: HackingTeam, canonical longstanding 2003-2026 tracking
reportThe Record / Recorded Future News / Daryna Antoniuk: Italian-made spyware spotted in breaches of Russian Belarusian systems (October 2025)
reportKaspersky: canonical March 2025 ForumTroll campaign discovery + October 2025 Dante-Memento attribution + CVE-2025-2783 reporting
reportMIT Technology Review: The fall and rise of a spyware empire
reportVice / Motherboard / Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai: Hacking Team's New Owner We're Starting From Scratch (April 2019)
reportHackmag.com: Memento Labs chief Paolo Lezzi confirmed Dante (November 2025)
reportSchneier on Security / Bruce Schneier: More on Hacking Team (July 2015 Galileo backdoor analysis)
reportDark Reading: Italian Surveillance Software Maker Falls Victim To Doxing Attack (July 2015)
reportESET / We Live Security: New traces of Hacking Team in the wild (March 2018 post-leak analysis)
reportSentinelLabs (September 8 2021): canonical EGoManiac Turkish threat actor RCS usage report
reportInfinite Eyes News: Hacking Team Memento Labs State-Sponsored Spyware Resurgence Inside Russia Belarus (November 2025)
reportSilicon UK / Matthew Broersma: Hacking Team RCS Galileo Surveillance Tool Now Obsolete (July 2015)
reportPhineas Fisher: canonical July 5 2015 400GB Hacking Team breach
reportUN panel monitoring Sudan sanctions: canonical 2014 Sudan sales inquiry

Operational

State sponsor

Hacking Team (Italian: Milan-based) was an Italian commercial spyware vendor founded 2003 by David Vincenzetti, selling Remote Control System (RCS) Da Vinci + Galileo platforms to government law enforcement + intelligence agency customers globally with revenue exceeding 40 million euros disclosed in 2015 leak. Italian government revoked global export license April 2016 after Sudan + Saudi Arabia + Egypt human-rights-abuse evidence. After April 2019 InTheCyber Group €1 acquisition Hacking Team rebranded as Memento Labs under CEO Paolo Lezzi. October 2025 Kaspersky discovered Memento Labs' Dante spyware in real-world ForumTroll campaign against Russian targets, with Lezzi confirming Dante attribution. Attribution chain: (1) Wikipedia canonical longstanding tracking: per Wikipedia: "Hacking Team was a Milan-based information technology company that sold offensive intrusion and surveillance capabilities to governments, law enforcement agencies and corporations. Its 'Remote Control Systems' enabled governments and corporations to monitor the communications of internet users, decipher their encrypted files and emails, record Skype and other Voice over IP communications, and remotely activate microphones and camera on target computers." (2) Phineas Fisher July 5 2015 400GB breach canonical exposure: per Wikipedia + Dark Reading + Schneier on Security: "On July 5, 2015, the Twitter account of the company was compromised by an unknown individual who published an announcement of a data breach against HackingTeam's computer systems. The initial message read, 'Since we have nothing to hide, we're publishing all our e-mails, files, and source code ...' and provided links to over 400 gigabytes of data, including alleged internal e-mails, invoices, and source code.

which were leaked via BitTorrent and Mega." (3) Canonical 70-customer + 40M EUR revenue Hacking Team disclosure: per Wikipedia + Infinite Eyes News + MIT Tech Review: "A full list of HackingTeam's customers were leaked in the 2015 breach. Disclosed documents show HackingTeam had 70 current customers, mostly military, police, federal and provincial governments. The total company revenues disclosed exceeded 40 million Euros... The 2015 breach revealed that the Italian company sold its surveillance software, known as the Remote Control System (RCS), to governments with poor human rights records, including Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Egypt, Morocco, Uzbekistan, UAE, Saudi Arabia and Sudan." (4) InTheCyber Group April 2 2019 acquisition + Memento Labs rebrand: per Wikipedia + MIT Technology Review + Vice/Motherboard: "On 2 April 2019 HackingTeam was acquired by InTheCyber Group to create Memento Labs." Per Vice/Motherboard: "Swiss-Italian company InTheCyber announced that it had acquired a majority stake into Hacking Team, and that it was merging the two companies into a new one called Memento Labs. The goal, according to the new owner of the company, Paolo Lezzi, is to rebuild." Per Infinite Eyes News: "after a one- euro merger-acquisition with InTheCyber Group, it has rebranded as Memento Labs under CEO Paolo Lezzi." (5) The Record + Kaspersky October 2025 Dante attribution canonical: per The Record / Daryna Antoniuk: "A Russian cybersecurity firm said it has found evidence that spyware developed by Italy's Memento Labs, formerly known as the controversial Hacking Team, was likely used in attacks on organizations in Russia and Belarus. In a report published Monday, researchers at Kaspersky said they identified the company's commercial spyware, known as Dante, in multiple attacks linked to a hacking group dubbed ForumTroll." Per Hackmag: "The head of the Italian company Memento Labs (formerly Hacking Team), Paolo Lezzi, confirmed to the media that the Dante spyware, recently discovered by Kaspersky Lab researchers in real-world attacks, does indeed belong to his company. Lezzi also blamed one of its government customers for exposing the spyware, saying they had used an outdated version." (6) CVE-2025-2783 Chrome zero-day ForumTroll March 2025 canonical campaign: per The Record: "The hackers targeted Russian media outlets, universities, research centers, government institutions, and financial organizations with phishing emails disguised as invitations to a well-known Russian scientific and expert forum. The attackers sent malicious links that exploited a zero-day vulnerability in Google's Chrome browser, the researchers said. Kaspersky reported the bug, now tracked as CVE-2025-2783, and Google patched it. Dante was not used in that campaign, the researchers said, but investigating ForumTroll incidents eventually led Kaspersky to discover the spyware el[sewhere]." Honest attribution nuance: Lezzi noted Chrome 0-day was NOT developed by his company per Hackmag. (7) ESET March 2018 post-leak continued- operations evidence: per ESET: "Our further research uncovered several more samples of Hacking Team's spyware created after the 2015 hack, all being slightly modified compared to variants released before the source code leak. The samples were compiled between September 2015 and October 2017... The versioning observed in the analyzed samples continues where Hacking Team left off before the breach, and follows the same patterns. Hacking Team's habit of compiling their payloads , named Scout and Soldier, consecutively, and often on the same day, can also be seen across the newer samples." (8) Italian government April 2016 export license revocation: per MIT Technology Review: "In response to human rights concerns, the Italian government revoked Hacking Team's global export license in April 2016, restricting sales outside the European Union to individual export licenses per customer." (9) Memento Labs operational continuity but diminished scale per Lezzi October 2025: per Hackmag: "Lezzi admitted that some 'aspects and behavior' of the Dante Windows spyware may have been borrowed from Hacking Team's software. He also said that only two employees from the former Hacking Team remain at Memento Labs, and declined to specify the exact number of the company's current clients (though he implied there are fewer than 100). According to Lezzi, his company is currently developing exclusively spyware for mobile platforms.

" Operational target profile
  • 70 government customers revealed in 2015 leak per Wikipedia (mostly military + police + federal + provincial governments)
  • Azerbaijan + Bahrain + Egypt + Morocco + Uzbekistan + UAE + Saudi Arabia + Sudan human rights abuse-affiliated customers per 2015 leak.
  • Sudanese National Intelligence and Security Service: 960,000 EUR contract 2012 (UN sanction violation)
  • FBI + DEA + US federal law enforcement signature.
  • Turkish OdaTV journalists 2010-2016 per SentinelLabs EGoManiac attribution.
  • Russian + Belarusian targets (via Dante) per October 2025 Kaspersky ForumTroll attribution.
  • Russian media + universities + research centers + government + financial organizations signature ForumTroll March 2025 phishing targeting.
  • Journalists + activists + human rights defenders signature across operational history The cluster fills the Italian-PSOA-2003-founding + Milan-based-David-Vincenzetti-founder + RCS-Galileo- Da-Vinci-product-line + Phineas-Fisher-July-5-2015- 400GB-breach + 70-customers-40M-euro-revenue + Azerbaijan-Bahrain-Egypt-Morocco-Uzbekistan-UAE- Saudi-Arabia-Sudan-human-rights-abuse-customers + April-2016-Italian-export-license-revocation + April-2-2019-InTheCyber-Memento-Labs-rebrand + Paolo-Lezzi-CEO + 2023-ISS-World-Dante-unveiling + March-2025-Kaspersky-ForumTroll-Russia-Belarus- Dante-Chrome-CVE-2025-2783 + October-2025-Lezzi- Dante-confirmation position in commercial spyware / mercenary surveillance vendor operators cell.
Motivations
italian_commercial_spyware_vendor_revenue_long_term, government_law_enforcement_intelligence_agency_customer_target_market, rcs_remote_control_system_state_trojan_product_development, rebrand_to_memento_labs_2019_operational_continuity, dante_spyware_product_evolution_2023_post_rebrand_signature, 22_year_operational_lifecycle_second_longest_in_cell_signature
Sectors
Regions

Detection Blind Spots

60 techniques
Across this actor’s 60 mapped techniques, the share covered by each detection layer. Low bars are where you’d be blind if this actor targeted you.
Behavioral / log (Sigma)58/60 · 96%
Analytics (MITRE CAR)30/60 · 50%
Runtime / container (Falco)7/60 · 11%
File / malware (YARA)0/60 · 0%
Network (Suricata/Snort)19/60 · 31%
Vuln scan (Nuclei)0/60 · 0%

Atomic Test Plan

30 techniques
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Tools Used

0 mapped
Other tooling / TTPs (curation, not ATT&CK-mapped):
MEMENTO LABS ACTORMOBILE PLATFORMS EXCLUSIVE FOCUS POST-2025SCOUT PAYLOADSOLDIER PAYLOAD

CVEs Exploited

1
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